Szkoła języka hiszpańskiego PapaEspañol to specjalistyczna Szkoła oferująca kursy hiszpańskiego dla dzieci, młodzieży, dorosłych i klientów korporacyjnych. Komunikatywna metodologia nauczania, która jest stosowana w szkole, pomaga nie tylko łamać zasady, ale także zanurzać się w środowisku językowym i uczyć się języka bez wysiłku i spędzania dodatkowego czasu. Zapamiętujesz słowa i zasady na zajęciach. Jednocześnie rozwijają się wszystkie umiejętności językowe-czytanie, pisanie, mówienie, rozumienie ze słuchu.

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Szkoła Języka Niemieckiego DeutscherPapa to specjalistyczna Szkoła oferująca kursy języka niemieckiego dla dzieci, młodzieży, dorosłych i klientów korporacyjnych. Komunikatywna metodologia nauczania, która jest stosowana w szkole, pomaga nie tylko łamać zasady, ale także zanurzać się w środowisku językowym i uczyć się języka bez wysiłku i spędzania dodatkowego czasu. Zapamiętujesz słowa i zasady na zajęciach. Jednocześnie rozwijają się wszystkie umiejętności językowe-czytanie, pisanie, mówienie, rozumienie ze słuchu.

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I don't speak Russian

If you do not speak Russian at all, and you are approached or need to ask something yourself, say straight out that you do not speak the language:

Извините, я не говорю по-русски. - Sorry, I don't speak Russian.
Я не умею говорить по-русски. - I can't speak Russian.
Я не владею русским языком. - I don't speak Russian.

If you speak a little Russian, but still find it difficult to have a proper conversation, then say so:

Я не очень хорошо говорю по-русски. - I don't speak Russian very well.

Я немного говорю по-русски. - I speak Russian a little.
Я очень плохо говорю по-русски. - I speak bad Russian.
Я говорю по-русски очень медленно. - I speak Russian very slowly.
Я могу сказать только несколько слов по-русски. - I can only say a few words in Russian.
Я понимаю русский, но не говорю по-русски. - I understand Russian, but I don't speak Russian.

Sometimes the interlocutor may not immediately understand that you do not speak Russian. Then you can additionally mention that you don't understand anything and ask again. Or use these phrases yourself right away:

Я не понимаю (вас). - I do not understand (you).
Повторите, пожалуйста. - Repeat, please.
Не могли бы вы повторить, пожалуйста? - Could you repeat, please?
Простите, что вы сказали? - Excuse me, what did you say?
Что, простите? - Excuse me, what?
Говорите медленнее, пожалуйста. - Speak more slowly, please.
Не могли бы вы говорить медленнее, пожалуйста? - Could you speak more slowly, please?
Напишите это, пожалуйста. - Please, write it down.
Не могли бы вы написать это, пожалуйста? - Could you write this, please?

Note: some phrases overlap in meaning, but the situations in which they are used differ. Those phrases that begin with "could you...." are recommended to be used in a formal setting.

In addition, you can ask your interlocutor if he or she speaks your native language and communicate further so that you both understand: А вы говорите по-английски / по-французски / по-китайски? - Do you speak English / French / Chinese?

How do you say that in Russian?

And finally, if you still want to learn Russian little by little and get acquainted at least with individual words, you can use clarifying phrases. Or, for example, you liked a dish in a restaurant and you want to order the same thing in another place, you can clarify how certain words sound or are spelled in Russian:
Как это говорится на русском? - How do you say it in Russian?
Как это сказать по-русски? - How to say it in Russian?
Как это по-русски? - How is it in Russian?
Как будет по-русски ...? - How will be in Russian ...?
Как сказать по-русски ...? - How to say in Russian ...?
Что значит ...? - What does ... mean?
Я не знаю, как это будет по-русски. - I don't know how to say it in Russian.

A sample dialogue might look like this:

- Извините, я не очень хорошо говорю по-русски. Вы не поможете мне? / Excuse me; I don't speak Russian very well. Could you help me?

- Да, конечно. Чем я могу помочь? / Oh, sure. How can I help?

- Я ищу ... Вы говорите по-английски? Как сказать по-русски bus stop? / I'm looking for ... Do you speak English? How do you say "bus stop" in Russian?

- По-русски это «автобусная остановка». Она находится за углом этого дома. / In Russian it is «bus stop». It is located around this house corner.

- Повторите, пожалуйста. / Please, repeat.

- Остановка за углом. Вон там. / The stop is around the corner. Over there.

- Спасибо! / Thanks!

We hope that having learned the phrases that will help you say that you do not speak Russian; you will feel more confident when communicating with Russian-speaking interlocutors. In addition, if you still want to master the Russian language, we are waiting for you at the Russian school as a foreign language Leader.

A source: https://golearnrussian.com/how-to-say-i-dont-speak-russian/
 

The longer you learn Russian, the more often you will encounter phrases that will confuse you. These phrases cannot be translated verbatim, and even explaining them is not easy. "Да нет!" - how to understand this phrase? Is that a yes or a no? Or is it something else entirely?

Russian expressions that would confuse any foreigner

Often, you may hear a strange answer to your question: "Да нет!" Individually, each word in this phrase means the following:

да - yes;
нет - no.
How can two words with completely opposite meanings be combined in one short phrase? In Russian - easily! In addition, the most difficult thing is that depending on the context and intonation can change the statement meaning.

1. Complete Denial

English analogue: No no! Not at all! Pronounced very emotionally and confidently.

Неужели он действительно решил жениться на Люси? - Да нет! Не может такого быть! - Had he really decided to marry Lucy? - Not at all! That's impossible!

Ты не возражаешь, если я открою окно? - Да нет! - Do you mind if I open the window? - Of course not!

2. Unsure denial

English analogue: No, I don't think so! Not really. Pronounced with slight uncertainty: "I guess not, but I'm not quite sure about it," "not really".

В доме ничего не пропало после взлома? - Да нет, вроде, все на месте. - Did anything go missing in the house after the break-in? - No, I don't think so! It seems, nothing is missing.

Ты голодный? Будешь суп? - Да нет. - А может, все-таки немного поешь? - Ну, только если немного, спасибо. - You are hungry? Would you like soup? - No, thank you. - How about a little food? - Just a little, thanks.

In the unsure denial case, it often makes sense to get a more specific answer, because the person may be unsure for reasons a variety: doesn't remember exactly (as in the first example), wants to be persuaded (as in the second example).

3. Great doubt

Uncertain denial another variant, which is closer to "no" than to "yes", - that phrase "Да нет, наверное". That is, to the two words that are opposite in meaning, an introductory word with the probability meaning is also added.

English analogue: Well, probably, not. It is pronounced with great doubt.

- Пойдешь сегодня на вечеринку? / - Are you going to the party tonight?

- Да нет, наверное. / - Well, probably, not.

- Если передумаешь, мы будем тебя ждать. / - If you change your mind, we're waiting for you.

In this case, too, you can try to persuade, but the success chances are less.

In most classical textbooks, there is no such vocabulary, it is considered untranslatable, because such words and expressions constitute language material a certain layer, which refers either to cultural features, or to colloquial, informal vocabulary.

If you want to learn to understand such complex phrases in Russian and use them appropriately in speech, sign up for classes at the Russian school as a foreign language Leader. Choose the best format for your lessons: online or in person, in groups or individually - and learn Russian with pleasure!

A source: https://golearnrussian.com/isklyuchitelno-russkij-otvet-da-net-kak-ego-ponyat/
 

The Learning a new language is a complex process that requires constant engagement and is time-consuming. Various applications can help make it easier and more fun. We offer you apps a selection for learning Russian, both for comprehensive language learning and for practicing individual skills.

The General-purpose applications

1. Babbel

With this application help, you can get the Russian language a fairly complete understanding at the elementary and intermediate level. For the advanced level, the app will no longer be relevant. It uses detailed interactive exercises to introduce vocabulary, teach grammar and how to hold a conversation. The material starts at the beginning and builds logically from the alphabet to personal pronouns and basic conversational phrases. You may not find the app itself too flashy, but the variety of exercises makes learning Russian quite fun.

The app is for a fee. A month of lessons costs from 14 dollars, if you buy for a longer period, it will be cheaper.

2. Rocket Russian

Another great app for learning Russian with all the skills a comprehensive mastery. The main part of the lessons includes dialogues between native speakers, with which help you will practice listening and speaking skills. There are also sections for practicing grammar and vocabulary. Additionally, you will be introduced to Russian culture.

The app is paid and costs $150, but if you buy it, you get access forever.

Russian grammar and vocabulary practice applications

3. Duolingo

This is the most popular applications one for learning the Russian language, especially for learning grammar and vocabulary. The app teaches you the Russian language through cards and gamification. Duolingo is best for beginners and those who need outside control to learn Russian.

There is a free version, which is enough for lessons. If you want to devote more time to lessons, you should use the paid version.

4. Lingodeer

The Lingodeer offers lessons a number broken down by topic. The app contains comprehensive explanations covering the Russian alphabet, grammar, and more. The Lingodeer is suitable for beginners as well as intermediate learners. This app compares favourably to many others its grammar detailed explanation because.

There is a free trial version so you can try if this app is right for you. The paid version costs $15 per month.

The reading and listening practice applications

5. RussianPod101

This app is great for developing listening skills. Here you will find podcasts and videos a huge number for both beginners and advanced students. The podcasts will give you some serious listening practice, but the app is not limited to that aspect. With the audio lessons help you can learn grammar, vocabulary and get acquainted with Russian culture.

The app is paid; there are subscription packages ranging in price from $8 to $47 per month. The features included in each subscription vary, so you can compare them and choose the best one for you.

6. Beelinguapp

This reading app displays the text in Russian along with a translation in your native language. You can also hide the translated version and practice reading and understanding the text without prompting. The app also works as an audiobook - the highlighted text is dubbed. So you can additionally improve your Russian listening skills.

The application is free. There is a premium version with advanced features and no ads.

Other Russian language learning applications

7. Tandem

This application is designed to find language partners. You can use the app to contact other language learners and start a conversation. You can also create a tandem for language exchange. In other words you will teach your partner your language, and he/she will teach you Russian. You can search for the interlocutor in questionnaires, communication is possible in chat: text or voice. You can listen to a recorded message and correct it if there are mistakes.

There is the application a free basic version and a paid premium account (from $7 per month).

8. Cyrillic (Russian alphabet) 

The Russian language first aspects one that you will encounter on your way to fluency is the alphabet. TenguLogi's app will help you learn the Russian alphabet through short lessons, quizzes, and cards. There are also audio examples to help with pronunciation. A little humour in the instructions and comments is a nice bonus.

The app is free and does helping you learn the alphabet a great job.

The app is just an assistant

Apps can help you learn Russian and make the process more fun and easier, but they can't solve all problems.

Learning Russian is a complicated process. In addition, it will involve many aspects:

learning new vocabulary;
learning Russian grammar;
listening to spoken language;
creating your own words;
practicing correct pronunciation;
to acquire basic knowledge about Russia and Russian culture.

No single app can teach you everything at once, even apps that are positioned as comprehensive. With each app, you can actively develop one skill and perhaps train the others at a minimal level. There is no substitute for Russian lessons with a teacher, either in a group or individually.

A source: https://golearnrussian.com/the-8-best-apps-for-those-who-learn-russian/
 

Every modifiable word in the Russian language has an initial form. For example, the nominative singular form is the initial for nouns (мама - mother). And the infinitive is the initial form of verbs (ходить - to walk). Today we will get to know this verb form in more detail.

What is the infinitive

So, the infinitive is the initial form of verbs, which can be found in the dictionary. Such verbs denote only an action, state or process, but do not give us information about the time, gender, person and number in which they are used.

The verb in an indefinite form answers two questions: «что делать?» - бегать (to run), плавать (to swim) and «что сделать?» - побегать (to have a run), уплыть (to swim away).

Suffixes for the Russian verbs in infinitive

The infinitive consists of a base and a suffix. The main suffixes with which the infinitive is formed are -ть/-ться, -ти, and also -чь/-чься, which are part of the base.

Suffixes -ть/-ться are most often used if they are also preceded by a suffix indicated by a vowel letter: лежать (to lie), слежаться (to clod).

The suffix -ти stands when there is a consonant letter in front of it, which is part of the root: грести (to scull), трясти (to shake).

The endings -чь/-чься: печь (to bake), печься (to care for).

The suffix -ти is usually stressed, the exception is verbs with the prefix -вы, then the stress falls on the prefix: прийтѝ (to come), вы̀йти (to leave).

When is infinitive used in the Russian language

In addition to specifying an indefinite form in the dictionary, it can also be used in various sentences in speech.

When constructing the future tense.

Я буду читать завтра. - I'll read it tomorrow.

Она будет заплетать косы. - She will braid her hair.

With verbs denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action.

Я начала писать книгу. - I started writing a book.

Он продолжает печь пироги каждый вечер. - He continues baking pies every night.

Сегодня мы закончили готовиться к сложному докладу. - Today we have finished preparing for a difficult report.

After words such as «должен», «готов», «рад», «намерен», «обязан».

Я должен написать это сочинение сегодня. - I have to write this essay today.

Я рад помочь вам. - I am glad to help you.

Я готов сделать все ради тебя. - I am ready to do everything for you.

In combination with adverbs and adjectives.

Им некуда идти. - They have nowhere to go.

В такой ситуации трудно сразу подобрать слова. - In such a situation, it is difficult to find the words immediately.

With verbs of movement: идти, ездить, поехать, лететь.

Они поехали принять участие в конференции. - They went to take part at the conference.

Они летят кататься в швейцарских Альпах. - They went to ski in the Swiss Alps.

Pay attention! The infinitive in Russian is never used after the verb "знать".

The most important thing when you learn new rules or words and master grammatical topics is to practice with someone who will help you avoid mistakes. And it is best done under the guidance of experienced teachers. You can do so in our school of Russian as a foreign language "Leader". Sign up for a trial lesson and learn Russian easily and interestingly!

A source: https://golearnrussian.com/verbs-in-russian-the-infinitive/
 

You are faced with verb forms in the different tenses almost from the learning English very beginning. Here is the Past Simple, and it says, "You will find the irregular verb forms in the table, you have to learn them". There are about 1000 irregular verbs, but you don't have to learn them all. It's not that bad, especially as there are a few tricks for easier memorization.

The regular verbs three forms

First, let's find out what these forms are and why they are needed. An English verb three forms are the Infinitive, the Past tense and the Past Participle. You need to know these forms to be able to change verbs by tenses. The second comes in handy when you work with the Past and the third comes in handy when you meet the Perfect tenses. The third is also useful for the passive voice, and as a participle.

The next thing you need to know: English verbs are divided into regular and irregular. With the first ones, it's easy - in the second and third forms, you just have to add -ed:

play - played - played (играть);
cry - cried - cried (кричать);
stop - stopped - stopped (останавливаться).
The base in this case remains the same; the last letter may be changed according to the rules:

y changes to -i after a consonant - study → studied;

in monosyllabic verbs, the consonant at the end after one vowel is doubled - plan → planned;

if the verb ends with - e, is added only -d - dance → danced.

The irregular verbs forms

There are the most common verbs about 200 in the English language. Those all are worth learning if you want to be at an advanced level. About 50 are enough for basic use. To make it easier for you to memorise them all, we will divide them into groups based on the second and third forms common characteristics.

All three forms are the same

Это самая легкая для заучивания группа. Такие глаголы еще называются неизменяемыми:

bet - bet - bet (делать ставки);

cost - cost - cost (стоить);
cut - cut - cut (резать);
hit - hit - hit (ударить);
hurt - hurt - hurt (причинять боль);
let - let - let (позволять);
put - put - put (положить);
shut - shut - shut (закрывать).

Several subgroups may be distinguished in this group. The first (the smallest) - in which the infinitive and the simple past tense coincide, e.g.,

beat - beat - beaten (ударить).
The next sub-group is verbs composed in which the first and the third forms, i.e., the infinitive and the past participle, coincide.

come - came - come (приходить);
run - ran - run (бежать)
become - became - become (становиться).
In the third sub-group, the second and the third forms, i.e., the past tense and the past participle, coincide. These verbs are the most common amongst the irregular verbs, which the two forms overlap. For example, get - got - got., stand - stood - stood (стоять). In addition, they, too, can be further divided along similar lines.

With an ending in -t

burn - burnt - burnt (гореть, жечь);

dream - dreamt - dreamt (видеть сны, мечтать);
feel - felt - felt (чувствовать);
keep - kept - kept (хранить).

With an ending in -ught

bring - brought - brought (приносить);

buy - bought - bought (покупать);
catch - caught - caught (ловить);
fight - fought - fought (сражаться);
teach - taught - taught (учить);
think - thought - thought (думать).

When the final -d is changed to -t

build - built - built (строить);
send - sent - sent (посылать, отправлять);
spend - spent - spent (тратить).
When -i is changed to -ou

bind - bound - bound (связывать);

find - found - found (находить);
wind - wound - wound (вить).

When -i is changed to -u

dig - dug - dug (копать);

stick - stuck - stuck (втыкать, липнуть);
sting - stung - stung (жалить);
swing - swung - swung (раскачивать).

When -ell is changed to -old

tell - told - told (говорить);

sell - sold - sold (продавать).

In this category we put verbs in which all three forms are written similarly, the vowels combination in the root is the same, but the reading is different: in the infinitive it is the same, and in the second and third forms it is different:

deal - dealt - dealt (иметь дело);
mean - meant - meant (иметь в виду);
read - read - read (читать);
hear - heard - heard (слышать).
In the first three words [i:] is changed to [ɛ] and in the last one [ɪə] is changed to [ɜ:].

All forms are different

Vowel alternation i-a-u

begin - began - begun (начинать);
drink - drank - drunk (пить);
ring - rang - rung (звонить);
sing - sang - sung (петь);
sink - sank - sunk (тонуть);
swim - swam - swum (плавать).
The vowel -o appears

In the second and third forms, the vowel -o appears in the word root, replacing another letter in the infinitive:

break - broke - broken (ломать);
choose - chose - chosen (выбирать);
forget - forgot - forgotten (забывать);
freeze - froze - frozen (замерзать, замораживать);
speak - spoke - spoken (разговаривать);
steal - stole - stolen (красть)4
wake - woke - woken (будить).
The letter -i changes to -o in the second form

drive - drove - driven (вести автомобиль);
ride - rode - ridden (ехать верхом);
write - wrote - written (писать).
The -ew and -own alternation

In the second form, -ew appears in the root of the word, and in the third form - own:

blow - blew - blown (дуть);
grow - grew - grown (расти);
fly - flew - flown (лететь);
know - knew - known (знать).
Other cases

be - was/were - been (быть);

do - did - done (делать);
have - had - had (иметь);
go - went - gone (ходить);
bite - bit - bitten (кусать);
hide - hid - hidden (прятать);
eat - ate - eaten (есть);
fall - fell - fallen (падать);
give - gave - given (давать);
take - took - taken (брать);
make - made - made (делать).

Such verbs examples: give - forgive, get - forget, stand - understand, withstand, tell - fortell.

I gave you a book a month ago. Please return it. - Я дал тебе книгу месяц назад, верни ее, пожалуйста.

I forgave you yesterday. - Я простил тебя еще вчера.

Learn irregular verbs and use them correctly in speech. You can find other patterns that make more sense to you and learn English verbs in the order you like.

A source: https://englishpapa.com/the-english-verb-and-its-three-forms/

To speak any language well, it is not enough to have a large vocabulary. After all, you have to put all the words together in order to get your message across, and you need grammar.

Many people find this language learning aspect boring and difficult, but you don't have to be grammar afraid. The most important thing is to get a grasp of the basic rules and practice them regularly.

You won't be able to grasp all the grammar right from the start. Today, we will tell you the main points you need to pay attention to if you are just starting to learn the language.

Verbs

The verb to do plays a particularly important role because it is used as an auxiliary verb to form questions and negation.

For example:I sing. - Я пою.

I don't sing. - Я не пою.
Do I sing? - Я пою?
Another important point about verbs in English: you should always pay attention and remember how a verb changes in the third person singular in the present tense Present Simple. Compare:
I sing. - Я пою.
You sing. - Ты поешь/Вы поете.
He/she/it sings. - Он/она/оно поет.
We sing. - Мы поем.
They sing. - Они поют.

The word order in sentences is constant:

a narrative sentence = subject + predicate;
interrogative sentence = auxiliary verb + subject + predicate (main verb).
For example:

You eat. - Ты ешь.

Do you eat? - Ты ешь?

For example:

Apple - apples (яблоко - яблоки)

Box - boxes (коробка - коробки)

Nouns another important companion in English is articles. There are articles two main types: indefinite (a/an) and definite (the). The indefinite article can only be used with singular nouns. The definite article can be used with nouns in both singular and plural.

For example:

An apple - яблоко (some indefinite, any apple)

The apple - яблоко (a specific apple)
The apples - яблоки (some specific apples)

There are verbs 12 main tenses in English. But to begin with, it is enough to remember three basic times:

Present Simple - настоящее простое

Past Simple - прошлое простое

Future Simple - будущее простое

A little later, you need to add to them:
Present Continuous - настоящее продолжительное
Present Perfect - настоящее совершенное
These five tenses are the most commonly used in the English language, and with their help you will be able to express virtually any thought..

Adjective comparison degrees

Like nouns, adjectives in English do not change genders or cases. In addition, unlike nouns, they don't even change in number, retaining the same form in both singular and plural. The main thing to remember for adjectives is how comparative (comparative and superlative) degrees are formed.

There are forming comparative degrees two ways, which apply to all adjectives with some exceptions.

The first way is with -er (comparative) and -est (superlative). This method is used for short adjectives 1-2 syllables consisting.

For example:

Long (длинный) - longer (длиннее) - longest (самый длинный)

The second way is with the words more (comparative degree) and most (superlative degree). This method is used for long adjectives 2 or more syllables consisting.

For example:

Beautiful (красивый) - more beautiful (красивее) - most beautiful (самый красивый).

A source: https://englishpapa.com/english-grammar-where-to-start/

The next question is how and where to find out your English level? This question baffles many. Many people turn to the Internet with this question and "drown" in a sea of information. We have an answer that will not only simplify the solution, but also give a qualified answer. On the website of the "EnglishPapa" school you can take an English proficiency test online without registration. This service is free and available to everyone.

English levels classification

The European Council has developed and approved the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages or CEFR. This scale is an international standard used to describe the level of proficiency in a foreign language. According to CEFR, language knowledge and skills are classified into six levels:

A - Elementary knowledge (divided into: A1 - survival level and A2 - pre-threshold level);

B - self-sufficient proficiency (divided into: B1 - threshold level and B2 - advanced threshold level);

C - language fluency (divided into: C1 - professional proficiency level and C2 - perfect knowledge).

In short about English levels

After finishing this level you will have the following skills:

Using and understanding basic phrases used in everyday life;

Introducing yourself and introducing others;
Establishing communication and asking the simplest questions;
Understanding a speaker when they speak slowly;
Understand short phrases on signs, postcards, road signs, etc.

А1 (Elementary or «Following the path»)
Analize yourself

After finishing this level you will have the following skills:

Understanding various phrases and sayings on current life topics (work, family, shopping, travel, etc.);
Asking for directions to your destination and understanding the answer;
Maintaining a dialogue in ordinary everyday situations, as well as talking about yourself and your needs;
Understanding videos and TV programs in English;
Reading and understanding a simple written text (personal letter, an order, etc.).
Vocabulary of 1500-2500 words.

B1 (Intermediate or «Threshold»)
Analize yourself

After finishing this level you will have the following skills:

A good and correct understanding of a conversation on familiar topics;
Speaking and maintaining dialogue in most situations (at work, on vacation, traveling, etc.);
Expressing your thoughts in English, describing impressions, sharing dreams and expectations, etc.;
Watching and understand English films, series or TV shows;
Understanding instructions, advertising booklets, letters and some documents in English;
Reading and writing (essay, letters, instructions).
Vocabulary around 3250 words.

B2 (Upper Intermediate or «Excellence»)
Analize yourself

After finishing this level you will have the following skills:

Supporting a conversation, as well as to understanding the essence of a complex text;
Communicating with native speakers, as well as maintaining conversations about your profession;
Good understanding of oral speech;
Forming competent sentencse (not only simple, but also complex), to express your point of view, to reason on different topics.
Watching without problem almost any English videos;
Confident reading and writing.
A vocabulary of 3750 words.

C1 (Advanced or «Progressive»)
Analize yourself

After finishing this level you will have the following skills:

Understanding complex texts;
Excellent oral speech;
Variety of vocabulary;
Understanding original movies and books, idioms, accents and slang;
Well-developed literate writing.
Active vocabulary of 4500 words.

When going on an interview or filling out questionnaires for employment (or study), a simplified classification of levels is sometimes used:

Basic;
Intermediate;
Advanced;
Fluent.
However, if you have passed an international language exam you should always indicate your score.

A source: https://englishpapa.com/urovni-anglijskogo-kak-opredelit-svoj-uroven/

The first thing a person discovers when learning a new language is the alphabet. The basis on which your study of both oral and written speech will be built in the future is letters and sounds. And English is no exception.

The modern English alphabet

The English language has only 26 letters. But this wasn't always the case: until the VII century on the territory of the current England, the Anglo-Saxon runic alphabet was used, which gradually became obsolete and was replaced by the latin, which arrived to the island along the christian missionaries. For some time, the two alphabets got along together, but the Latin alphabet began seizing power. Back in the XI century, there were fewer letters in the English alphabet than there are now. There were 23 of them. And only in the XVI century, with the addition of the letters J, U and W, the English alphabet acquired a modern look.

Now 6 leters represent vowel sounds: A [ei] , E [i:], I [ai], O [əu], U [ju], Y [wai]. And 21 leters represent consonant sounds: B [bi:], C [si:], D [di:], F [ef], G [ʤiː], H [eiʧ], J [ʤei], K [kei], L [el], M [em], N [en], P [pi:], Q [kju:], R [a:], S [es], T [ti:], V [vi:], W [‘dʌb(ə)ljuː], X [eks], Y [wai], Z [zed].

The letter Y can both represent a vowel and a consonant depending on the position in the word: consonant (yacht), vowel (sky).

Interesting facts about the English alphabet

The letter E can be found in the 11% of all the English words, which makes it the most used letter. To figure this out, more than 240 thousand words from the oxford alphabet where analyzed.
The letter H had 2 prununciations for a period: [eiʧ] and [heiʧ]. The first variant was used by the lower class. Catholics and Protestants also used different pronunciations.
You won't find the letters J and Q on the Periodic Table of elements.

Only 4 leters of the English alphabet: A, E, O, L - can be double at the beginning of the word. The combination "oo" is the most common one.
The less common letter is the letter Q.
The letter T is the most popular consonant in the English language.
The letters S and T are the most common first letters.
The letter V is the only letter that is always pronounced in all English words. At least that is what is stated on the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
The letter Z is pronounced differently in American and British English. In British it's [zed], and in American - [zi:].

The English alphabet is sometimes called by it's 3 first letters: the ABCs - a popular children song.
English words are often written differently than how they sound. So, the expression "Spell it, please" will probably become a good friend of yours. And if someday, while being on the airport, for example, you will have to spell your name/surname, knowing the alphabet will help you for sure.

And if you would like to learn more than the alphabet, you need to learn English!

A source: https://englishpapa.com/skolko-bukv-v-anglijskom-alfavite/