The Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) is the largest in mainland China. The market trades stocks, funds, bonds and derivatives from a large number of listed companies. This page will break down how the SSE works, along with its various indices, rules and requirements. It will also detail how you can start trading on the SSE, with tips to help you get going. A list of the top brokers for trading on the Shanghai Stock Exchange is provided below.To get more shanghai stock news, you can visit shine news official website.

What Is The Shanghai Stock Exchange?
The Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) is a stock exchange based in the city of Shanghai, China. It is the largest stock exchange in mainland China and the 4th largest in the world, with a market capitalisation of USD 6.98 trillion in 2020 and a daily trading volume of around USD 17.86 trillion. The SSE is a non-profit organisation that is managed and administered by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC).

The Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite (also known as the SSE Composite or Shanghai Composite) Index is the most common indicator used to reflect the performance of the SSE market. This is an index of all the stocks that are traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, of which there were over 1,800 in January 2021.
The market for shares and securities first appeared in Shanghai in June of 1866. At this point, Shanghai's International Settlement developed everything required for a thriving stock market: several banks, legal frameworks for joint-stock companies and interest in diversification.

The following years were rocky for the market, there were several crashes caused by credit and banking crises. In 1891, during a boom in mining shares, the "Shanghai Sharebrokers' Association" was founded by foreign businessmen, headquartered in Shanghai. In 1904, the association applied for the market to be renamed the Shanghai Stock Exchange.

1920 and 1921 saw the formation of the Shanghai Securities and Commodities Exchange and the Shanghai Chinese Merchant Exchange, both of which were merged into the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1929.

The market closed on 5th December 1941 when Japanese forces occupied Shanghai. The exchange was briefly reopened in 1946, although it only remained this way for 3 years until the communist revolution in 1949 shut it down.

Recent History
The Shanghai Stock Exchange as we know it today was re-established on 26th November 1990 following years of cultural and economic revolution within the People's Republic of China. Trading operations began a few weeks after this, on 19th December.

In 1997, it was decided by the State Council of China that the Shanghai Stock Exchange would be managed directly by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC). A rough period from 2001-2005 saw the market's value halve, after peaking in 2001. This saw new rules put in place as well as a ban on new initial public offerings (IPOs). Full operation was resumed in 2006 after the ban was lifted.

2007 and 2008 saw a period of frenzy as China's stock exchange temporarily became the world's second-largest stock exchange. This culminated in the Shanghai Composite Index reaching an all-time high of 6,124.044 points on 16th October 2007. However, the annual report at the end of 2008 had the index down a massive 65%, largely because of the impact of the global economic crisis.

In 2019, the Shanghai Stock Exchange launched the STAR Market (officially the Shanghai Stock Exchange Science and Technology Innovation Board). The STAR market featured only technology-related companies and was touted as a direct rival to the US' NASDAQ market.

There are two main classes of stocks on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, A shares and B shares. These differ both in the currency they are quoted in and their accessibility for investment.

B-shares are quoted in US Dollars (USD) and are open to foreign investment. On the other hand, A-shares are quoted in the Chinese Yuan (CNY) and are only available to foreign investment through a qualified program known as QFII.

A QFII is a Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor. This is a program that allows international investors, with the correct license, to invest in major Chinese companies. Before the program was introduced in 2002, investors from other nations were not permitted to buy or sell stocks on any of the Chinese exchanges.

Much of the market cap of the Shanghai Stock Exchange is made up of former state-run companies like the major Chinese banks and insurance companies and you won't find popular foreign stocks like GameStop on there. In fact, many of the companies have only been trading on the SSE since 2001 following reforms to companies.

On April 28, as part of the spring meetings, International Finance Forum (IFF) joined hands with Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Institute (CAREC Institute) to host an event to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and five Central Asian countries.To get more finance news China, you can visit shine news official website.

With the theme of "New Global Landscape: Green Silk Road Cooperation in Central Asia," experts and leaders from the regions had a constructive discussion about climate change, energy transition and how countries could further work together to accelerate efforts on green innovation.

"This year marks the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan," Yu Hongjun, former Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the PRC to the Republic of Uzbekistan, said in a keynote speech.

Yu added that China is expecting an even brighter growth outlook when it comes to the development of multi-national initiatives in the region.

Also at the event, Syed Shakeel Shah, Director of the CAREC Institute, said that China and the five Central Asian nations have laid a firm foundation for future bilateral cooperation, and that the CAREC Institute is making efforts to boost development and interconnectivity in the region.

Specifically, Syed Shakeel Shah pointed out that the Central Asian region is facing severe challenges brought by climate change and countries are in need of greater financial support through the development of green finance. To build a future with inclusive growth, governments and corporations must work together, he added.Meanwhile, Hu Xinglan, Principal Regional Cooperation Specialist of Central and West Asia Department of Asian Development Bank, shared the "CAREC 2030" strategy, a mission to create an open and inclusive regional cooperation platform. CAREC 2030 prioritizes five operational clusters from economic and financial stability to human development, encompassing both traditional and new areas of cooperation in the region.

Jointly formed by China and Central Asian nations, the CAREC Institute is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to promoting economic cooperation in Central Asia and along the Silk Road through knowledge generation and sharing. It now has 11 member countries, aiming to accelerate the economic management capacity of the countries and promote regional connectivity.

Recent tensions in China's real estate market have highlighted the risks inherent in the country's highly leveraged corporate sector. These risks have been building up for some time, as high investment rates have coincided with high levels of debt accumulation. Moreover, the source of debt has moved beyond the traditional banking sector, with non-bank financial institutions providing financing which is less stable and more susceptible to sudden changes in investor sentiment. In addition, tensions in large corporate sectors could be transmitted to the rest of the economy through a number of channels. These channels include households, which are themselves increasingly leveraged and whose wealth is significantly exposed to the real estate market. A wider Chinese growth slowdown could, in turn, have global repercussions, given the size of the Chinese economy, its important global trade linkages and the central role it plays in international commodity markets. Against this backdrop, this article will review the rise in financial risks in China's economy stemming from increasing private sector leverage, the interconnectedness between the financial and non-bank financial sectors, and households' rising debt exposures.To get more shanghai stock news, you can visit shine news official website.

Recent stress in the real estate sector has highlighted the tension in China's corporate sector between high rates of growth and high leverage. As the world's second largest economy, China has accounted for around one-third of global GDP growth over the last decade (Chart 1) while, at the same time, its share of global credit to the non-financial sector has increased from around 8% to 20%.
] To some extent, this reflects the contribution made by investment spending as one of the main drivers of growth. However, the recent turmoil in China's real estate sector and the payment difficulties experienced by several large Chinese property developers, such as Evergrande, illustrate the risks inherent in the high leverage, high growth and, ultimately, highly interconnected business model that is widespread among Chinese corporates, and real estate developers in particular.

At the same time, a significant proportion of debt financing originates outside the banking sector. China's debt-to-GDP ratio for the entire private sector now stands at over 250% (Chart 2). Given that the corporate component of this debt is the highest in the world, the banking regulations introduced by the Chinese authorities have increasingly placed limits on the provision of credit to highly leveraged corporates. While China's financial system remains largely bank based, a significant proportion of funding is supplied to the corporate sector by non-bank financial institutions. The so-called shadow banking sector facilitates corporate financing that can circumvent capital constraints and credit regulations. Moreover, investors commonly expect an implicit guarantee for returns on investment products issued by the shadow banking sector. Despite the fact that contracts clearly state that returns are not guaranteed, both individual and institutional investors assume that the issuing financial company and, in some cases, the local or central government, will make up any shortfall if the investments do not deliver the targeted returns.
] This leads to a significant underpricing of risks, which results in investor sentiment towards these products being subject to sudden change if a significant shortfall materialises. While the macroprudential regulations adopted by the authorities since 2015 have curbed the growth of shadow banking, its level of outstanding assets remains significant in size and continues to pose risks to the financial system. Moreover, large fintech companies are providing new sources of debt financing to the economy, thereby presenting new and additional challenges to the regulatory efforts made by the authorities to reduce leverage in the Chinese economy.

Finally, households could increasingly amplify the impact of corporate stress on the broader economy. For instance, household wealth is increasingly dependent on real estate market developments, and risks which materialise in the corporate sector could spill over to household wealth and, therefore, consumption. Similarly, wealth products provided by the shadow banking sector to households intertwine non-bank financial sector and household risks. As the level of household debt has been rising sharply in China, the interdependence of risk exposures in the private sector has given rise to systemic risks in China that could have adverse spillover effects, both domestically and internationally.
Considering China's global interconnectedness, developments in the country are important for the global economy. The stress in China's property sector has reverberated beyond its borders. Reports of Evergrande's liquidity distress intensified around mid-September (Chart 3, panel a), when the developer reportedly missed the payment deadline on a number of bonds, triggering risk-off sentiment in global financial markets. Global equities fell, temporarily, by around 2-3%, credit spreads widened, and indicators of investor uncertainty rose steadily against a backdrop of flight-to-safety considerations. In addition, metal and oil prices declined, highlighting potentially reduced demand for commodities resulting from a slowdown in real estate activity in China (Chart 3, panel b). While the global spillovers proved to be short lived, in part due to the belief that the Chinese government would take action to mitigate adverse spillovers within its own economy, real and financial shocks in the world's second largest economy have global repercussions. The ECB reported, in the May 2018 and May 2021 issues of its Financial Stability Review, that China's weight and systemic relevance in the global financial system is increasing - even if the country remains relatively isolated financially.[
] Against this backdrop, this article will review the rise in financial risks in China's economy deriving from increasing private sector leverage, the interconnectedness between the financial and non-bank financial sectors, and households' rising debt exposures.

A SoftBank-owned company is thriving by offering face-recognition technology fuelled by a blacklisted Chinese firm to the likes of Mastercard and Visa, an opportunity for the Japanese conglomerate, fraught with geopolitical and privacy risks.To get more finance news China, you can visit shine news official website.

Japan Computer Vision Corp (JCV), owned by SoftBank Group Corp's wireless unit, has struck deals on payments in recent months, a potential breakthrough for SoftBank founder Masayoshi Son's dream of driving new business through partnership between his tech investments.

If JCV sustains its expansion, it could become a standout example of SoftBank creating synergies with portfolio companies - a key part of Son's sales pitch to the tech industry.

But the surge faces risks as the facial-scanning system it offers to U.S. heavyweights Mastercard Inc and Visa Inc uses technology from SenseTime Group, a Chinese firm blacklisted by the United States over human rights concerns.

The JCV-SenseTime partnership highlights SoftBank's difficult balancing act as Son tries to position his conglomerate as a neutral player even while tensions mount between two key markets, the United States and China.

The billionaire said last month SoftBank is taking a cautious approach towards China due to a regulatory crackdown there that has roiled its portfolio.JCV said it keeps SenseTime and the credit card companies at arm's length - the Chinese firm is a technology partner with no access to Mastercard's and Visa's systems or data.

Mastercard said all of its biometric-checkout programme partners must adhere to European Union standards of data protection. Visa said it is working to define the use of biometrics in payments and believes such technology can help ensure a secure system.JCV's rapid expansion also faces privacy concerns from regulators and consumers as facial-recognition technology goes mainstream. SenseTime's shares plunged 50% last week with the end of a lock-up period after its initial public offering.

SenseTime told Reuters it aims to strengthen the partnership with JCV, which it believes will benefit businesses, and that the company has established an ethics council to ensure standards.

JCV said its technology is audited by a third party, Israeli cybersecurity startup CYE, to check for risk of data leakage and the company asks users to opt in to pay-by-face systems and allows them to opt back out.

"Offering the consumer those controls are really what's required to make this a very mainstream technology," said JCV CEO Andrew Schwabecher. SoftBank declined to comment.While there is no suggestion JCV is breaching any restrictions, the use of SenseTime technology reflects the limits of U.S. blacklisting in hobbling the expansion of Chinese technology.

JCV also sells body temperature scanners using the technology to retailers such as Fast Retailing Co's Uniqlo fashion chain and mall operator Aeon Co. It has shipped over 20,000 devices in Japan that scan more than a million faces daily.

"SenseTime's algorithm is absolutely the best, we've evaluated almost every one," JCV's Schwabecher told Reuters, citing its ability to identify customers even when the face is partially obscured by a mask or a hand.Fast Retailing said its temperature scanners do not store or transmit any of the information they capture. Aeon declined to comment.

JCV has built a software platform to run the SenseTime algorithm, which it says ranks highly in the U.S. government's own tests for its low error rate. JCV operates the system from Japan.SenseTime's algorithm analyses over 200 facial locations and the distance between them to create a digital key. JCV uploads the unique signature to the cloud, allowing users to authenticate payments using their face.Schwabecher said other companies will likely catch up with SenseTime, and JCV plans to offer alternatives on its platform in the future. "In two to three years, which vendor's algorithm you're using is probably not going to matter as much as it does today."

Uptake of facial scanning tech would allow greater personalisation of services, from targeted ads to offering customers their favourite burger at a food restaurant or suggesting a destination on getting in a taxi.